Patents. Justification for patents, National patent systems. What is an invention. Patent trolls. Software patents. Unitary patent.

Cybersquatting. Passing off. Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP)

Double identity. Likelihood of confusion. Relevant public.

Scandalous and immoral trade marks. Marks contrary to public policy. Ordre public

Scandalous and immoral trade marks. Marks contrary to public policy. Ordre public

Distinctive character. Morality. Article 6ter. Foreign languages.

Shapes. Sounds. Smells.

What can be a Trademark? Non-traditional trade marks.

Trademark Registration process. Parallel National and European Systems.

Paris Convention. Madrid System. European Harmonisation. EUIPO.